Skip to main content

Rational/antiemotional behaviors in interpersonal relationships and the functional prognosis of patients with rheumatoid arthritis: a Japanese multicenter, longitudinal study

Abstract

Background

The repression of negative emotions is a personality factor that received considerable attention in the 1950-60s as being relevant to the onset and course of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Despite subsequent, repeated criticisms of the cross-sectional nature of the earlier studies, even to date few prospective studies have been reported on this issue. This multicenter study prospectively examined if “rational and antiemotional” behavior (antiemotionality), characterized by an extreme tendency to suppress emotional behaviors and to rationalize negative experiences in conflicting interpersonal situations, is associated with the functional prognosis of patients with RA.

Methods

532 patients with RA who regularly visited one of eight hospitals/clinics in Japan in 2000 were recruited for study. All completed a self-administered baseline questionnaire about lifestyle and psychosocial factors including antiemotionality. Two years after, 460 (mean age, 56.1 years; 54 men and 406 women) of 471 patients who continued to visit the clinics agreed to take the follow-up questionnaire. The functional status of the patients was evaluated by rheumatologists based on the ACR classification system.

Results

A multiple logistic regression model that included baseline demographic, disease activity/severity-related, therapeutic, and socioeconomic factors as covariates found a tendency toward higher antiemotionality to be related to poorer functional status at follow-up. This relationship was not explained by lifestyle factors.

Conclusions

Antiemotionality may be a prognostic factor for the functional status of patients with RA. This finding sheds light on a seemingly forgotten issue in the care of patients with RA.

Background

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an autoimmune disease characterized by chronic systemic inflammation that mainly affects joints, which causes a loss of physical functioning. It can lead to severe systemic dysfunction and a premature death [1]. Physicians and patients agree that psychosocial stress (stress) in daily life can affect the inflammatory and functional status of patients with RA, and some studies have supported this notion [24]. Recent advancement in psychoneuroimmunology has helped clarify the mechanisms by which stress affects the disease through interaction between the endocrine, nervous, and immune systems [57].

Stress, individual internal experience, can be affected not only by external stressors, but also by interaction between stressors and individual emotional, cognitive, and behavioral responses to them [4]. When a person responds to stressors with a pattern that is repeated on a frequent basis, such a response pattern can be understood within the context of personality. It is difficult for an individual to control external stressors, but it is possible to alter the properties of personality and response style to stressors, and in turn to modify the effects of stressors to the RA disease status. For centuries, clinicians have been impressed by the role of psychosocial factors on RA, and in the 1950s and 1960s, RA came to be viewed as one of the classical psychosomatic diseases [8, 9]. Particular personality factors that possibly relate to the onset and course of RA have received considerable attention [10], and a personality characterized by an inability to express aggressive feelings, e.g., “contained hostility” [11] was the one on which many researchers agreed [12]. The nature of these earlier studies included a cross-sectional design, and they were repeatedly criticized, with reviewers concurring on the necessity for prospective studies that allow better causal interpretations [5, 9, 13, 14]. A “neurotic” personality (anxious and depressed), another hypothesis drawn from some earlier cross-sectional studies that used the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory, was later denied by longitudinal studies [15, 16] and re-interpreted as a result rather than a cause of this chronic disease [17]. To the authors’ knowledge, however, even to date few prospective studies have reported on the classical issue of the repression of negative, especially aggressive, emotions as a personality factor associated with the onset/course of RA.

Grossarth-Maticek and colleagues hypothesized that the “rationality and antiemotionality” or “type 5” behavior is a risk factor for the onset of chronic diseases including cancer and RA [1820]. The rational-antiemotional behavior (antiemotionality) is characterized by an extreme tendency to suppress emotional behaviors and to rationalize negative experiences in conflicting interpersonal situations. Thus, this behavioral pattern largely fits the concept of the repression of negative emotions, whereas it clearly differs from the concept of neurotic personality. It was found, in a cohort study begun in the 1970s, that a high proportion of persons with a highly typical antiemotionality later developed RA [20]. Moreover, it was shown that “Autonomy Training”, a psychotherapeutic intervention method, could alter such a tendency in the direction of healthier behaviors, leading to better physical outcomes [2123]. A recent study showed that antiemotionality may also be a prognostic factor for lung cancer patients [24]. The present multicenter cohort study examined if antiemotionality is associated with a poorer prognosis for the functional status of patients with RA.

Methods

Subjects

The baseline data for the present study was taken from a multi-center cohort survey of Japanese patients with RA carried out in 2000. It was part of a study supported by the Ministry of Health and Welfare, Japan entitled “Assessment and improvement of the system for interdisciplinary medical services for RA (AISIMS)” [25]. Rheumatologists, one working at each of the 12 hospitals/clinics that participated in the program, invited patients with RA who regularly visited their hospitals/clinics to cooperate with the AISIMS cohort study. Patient eligibility included age between 20 and 79 years, the ability to answer a self-administered questionnaire without assistance, and functional status of class 3 or better by the criteria of the American College of Rheumatology (ACR) (see below) [26]. The baseline survey consisted of a self-administered questionnaire for the patients and a clinical data sheet completed by their rheumatologist. The questionnaire inquired about a variety of factors including activity of daily living, quality of life, and lifestyle (smoking, alcohol-drinking, physical exercise, sleep, diet, etc.) and about psychosocial factors (major life events, stress/personality, etc.). The items for the clinical data sheet included factors relevant to the disease status of RA, such as progression of arthritis, functional status, extra-articular complications, and factors associated with medical treatment.

In 2002, two years after the baseline survey, eight of the 12 hospitals/clinics participated in the follow-up survey, with the 23 rheumatologists who were working at these eight hospitals/clinics completing the same clinical data sheet as that used for the baseline survey and handing each patient participant a follow-up questionnaire with items selected from the baseline questionnaire. The follow-up survey was completed before 2003, when the first biologic agent (infliximab) became available in Japan for the treatment of patients with RA [27], because an expected high effectiveness of the agents [1] could overshadow the associations of lifestyle and psychosocial factors with the prognosis of patients with RA and lower the statistical power to detect them. The patients who agreed to cooperate with the follow-up survey sent their completed questionnaires to a central office located at the Department of Preventive Medicine, Kyushu University Graduate School of Medical Sciences. The rheumatologists who evaluated the patients’ clinical status were blinded from the patients’ answers for both the baseline and follow-up questionnaires.

Measurements

The rheumatologists assessed their patients’ functional status based on the criteria for classification of functional status in RA defined by ACR (ACR class), which classifies patients with RA into one of four classes as follows: Class I: completely able to perform usual activities of daily living (self-care, vocational, and avocational); Class II: able to perform usual self-care and vocational activities, but limited in avocational activities; Class III: able to perform usual self-care activities, but limited in vocational and avocational activities; and Class IV: limited in ability to perform usual self-care, vocational, and avocational activities [26]. They also assessed the status of joint damage based on the classification by Steinbrocker et al. (joint stage: Stage I, Early; Stage II, Moderate; Stage III, Severe; and Stage IV, Terminal) [28]; specified afflicted joints defined as those with either tenderness, swelling, or deformity; and listed extra-articular complications using the following options: cervical myelopathy, cardiac/pericardial manifestations, pulmonary/pleural manifestations, ocular manifestations, peripheral nervous manifestations, hematological manifestations, and others.

Personality factors including antiemotionality were assessed using the “Stress Inventory (SI)” [29, 30]. SI is a self-administered questionnaire consisting of 45 items that was developed to assess response styles to stressors principally related to an interpersonal relationship or to chronic stress posed by the response style, that are relevant to chronic diseases [3133]. Of the 12 scales constituting the SI, the “rationalizing conflicts/frustrations (RCF)” scale measures an extreme tendency to rationalize one’s interpersonal situations accompanied by conflicts or frustrations, and was developed to represent antiemotionality. This scale consists of five questions, such as “do you under all circumstances try to control your reasoning and avoid, as much as possible, being emotional?” (Cronbach α = 0.78). The answers receive a 1 to 6 rating, where 1 and 6 respectively correspond to “yes” and “no” or to “almost always” and “rarely”, and the scores are averaged for the scale score, thus a higher score represents a higher tendency.

Analysis

The ACR class at follow-up was dichotomized (poorer function, Class 3 or 4 vs. better function, Class 1 or 2) and used as the outcome variable representing the functional prognosis of the patients with RA. The association between antiemotionality and the functional prognosis was examined using a multiple logistic regression model that included the dichotomized ACR class at follow-up as a dependent variable, the RCF score (1–6) as an independent variable, and baseline ACR class (Class I, II, III, IV = 1, 2, 3, 4, respectively) as a covariable. The association was then examined after controlling for known or potential confounding factors including sex; age; factors relevant to disease progression or activity: joint stage (Stage I, II, III, IV = 1, 2, 3, 4, respectively), afflicted joints count (1–45), number of extra-articular complications (0–5), C-reactive protein with log-transformation; medical treatments: methotrexate, corticosteroids, other DMARDs (yes = 1, no = 0); and socioeconomic status: education level (junior high school = 1, high school = 2, junior college = 3, college = 4). Finally, potential intervening effects of lifestyle factors were examined by adding the following variables into this multivariate model: smoking (current smoker = 1, non-/ex-smoker = 0), alcohol drinking (current drinker = 1, non-/ex-drinker = 2), exercise habit (none = 0, 1–3 times/w = 1, 4+ times/w = 2), sleep habit (7–8 hrs/night =1, others = 0), green-yellow vegetable intake (not eat = 1, once/w = 2, 2-4/w = 3, 5-6/w = 4, every day = 5) and fruit intake (same as green-yellow vegetables).

Results

At the time of the follow-up survey, seven of the 532 patients had died, 13 were visiting another hospital/clinic, and 33 had quit visiting for unknown reasons. The doctors in charge handed the follow-up questionnaire to the 479 patients who continued visiting, and 460 of them sent a completed questionnaire to the central office. Table 1 summarizes the demographics and baseline characteristics of the subjects available for analysis. The characteristics of the patients who were lost to follow-up (visiting another hospital/clinic or having quit visiting for unknown reasons, N = 46) were not statistically different from those of the subjects included in the analysis (see Additional file 1: Table A1). Table 2 shows the baseline characteristics of the subjects according to the degree of antiemotionality. Greater antiemotionality was associated with female sex, older age, and greater number of afflicted joints.

Table 1 Demographic and baseline clinical characteristics of patients with rheumatoid arthritis (N = 460)
Table 2 Association at baseline between antiemotionality and the demographic and clinical characteristics of patients with rheumatoid arthritis (N = 460)

The ACR class distribution at the follow-up was as follows: Class 1, 65 (14.1%); Class 2, 327 (71.0%); Class 3, 59 (12.8%); and Class 4, 9 (2.0%); thus, global functional status had improved for 56 (12.2%), was unchanged for 328 (71.3%), and had deteriorated for 76 (16.5%) over the two-year study period. Figure 1 shows the change in ACR class over the period according to the RCF score.

Figure 1
figure 1

Changes in the functional status of patients with rheumatoid arthritis according to the degree of antiemotionality. RCF score: the score of the rationalizing conflicts/frustrations scale of the Stress Inventory; “low”, “moderate” and “high” represent the RCF score of < 3.8, 3.8 to < 4.6, and 4.6+, respectively. ACR: American College of Rheumatology. BL: at the time of the baseline survey, 2Y: two years after the baseline survey.

Table 3 shows the results of the multiple logistic regression analysis done to examine the association between antiemotionality and the functional prognosis. Greater antiemotionality (a higher RCF score) was associated with a poorer ACR class two-years after the baseline survey in the model that only included baseline ACR class as a covariate (Model 1). When multiple factors relevant to demographics, disease activity/progression, treatments, and socioeconomic status were additionally adjusted, the association between antiemotionality and the functional prognosis did not materially change (Model 2). A one point increment in the baseline RCF score was associated with a nearly 50% higher chance of having a poorer functional status rather than a better status at the follow-up. The possible intervening effect of lifestyle factors, including smoking, alcohol consumption, exercise, sleep hours, green/yellow vegetable intake, and fruit intake, was then examined. Additional adjustment for these factors, however, did not appreciably change the association between antiemotionality and the functional prognosis (OR = 1.60, 95% CI = 1.16-2.22, P = 0.005).

Table 3 Multiple logistic regression analysis of the association between antiemotionality at baseline and the functional prognosis (ACR class at follow-up) of patients with rheumatoid arthritis

Discussion

This Japanese, multicenter, cohort study supports the hypothesis that a strong tendency toward antiemotionality, previously reported as a risk factor for the onset of RA [20], is also associated with the functional prognosis of patients with RA. This is, to the authors’ knowledge, the first prospective study that supports the classical notion that a personality characterized by emotional suppression has a particular connection with the course of RA. The RCF score was differently correlated with specific aspects of negative emotionality in a study of its psychometrical validity [30]. Its positive and negative correlations respectively with “anger-in” and “anger-out”, concepts by Spielberger [34], support earlier cross-sectional findings of the inability to express aggressive feelings associated with a poorer course of this disease [1012]. That the RCF score was not correlated with trait-anxiety or depression is consistent with the null association between “neurotic” personality and the course of RA in previous longitudinal studies [15, 16].

Although this study was of a prospective design, the observed association will need to be further scrutinized for possible confounding effects. Factors representing disease activity, chronic symptoms and functional disability, and medical treatments that potentially affect the central nervous system may have affected the baseline RCF scores. Socioeconomic status, known as a possible prognostic factor for patients with RA [35], may also be correlated with RCF. However, the prospective association of antiemotionality with functional disability at follow-up was independent of all of these baseline factors.

Except for smoking’s exacerbating effect, no lifestyle factor has been established as affecting the disease course of RA [1, 36]. However, lifestyle factors should be considered major pathways that potentially link psychosocial variables and physical outcomes. Various factors considered to be generally favorable or unfavorable for health, such as smoking, alcohol-drinking, physical exercise, sleep, and diet were examined for their potential intervening effects, but they did not explain the antiemotionality-prognosis association.

Another pathway to be considered is the psycho-physiological system. The hypothalamus is the center of the autonomic nervous system (ANS) and of the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, and it has been progressively elucidated that the ANS, HPA axis, and immune system are closely connected and that they interact with each other [57]. When the cerebral cortex, the center of reason, chronically and overly interferes with the limbic system, which is responsible for emotional responses, this may affect the function of the hypothalamus, which is closely connected to the limbic system, and in turn the function of the immune system. Such behaviors by which a person attempts to maintain imperturbability or to understand another person when confronting a frustrating interpersonal situation will be, when appropriately employed, harmless or rather preferable. However, when such behaviors are extremely employed, i.e., negative emotions are always rationalized and their expression is blocked, the emotions that lost outlet may damage the functioning of biological homeostasis. Ishii et al. found that patients with RA who were easily moved to tears as a response to psychological stress showed a better response to treatment and a better general prognosis than those who did not show such emotional responses [37].

This study has several limitations. First, no biomarkers, such as neuroendocrinological or immunological markers were measured that can be related to the above discussion of the psycho-physiological pathway. Second, although the outcome measure used, ACR class, is convenient for assessment and represents the overall functional status of patients with RA, its sensitivity to detect temporal changes of the status is limited [38]. The assessment depends completely on the subjective evaluation of the rheumatologist, while other commonly used scoring systems, such as the ACR core set and the Disease Activity Score, integrate objective markers and subjective evaluations by both doctors and patients [39, 40]. Third, the present data only included a small number of male patients, and thus could not address possible sex-related difference in the antiemotionality-prognosis association. Nevertheless, this study adds new findings to the currently insufficient prospective data concerning specific personalities and relevant properties that contribute to the progression of RA. The present results were based on a relatively large sample that was collected at multiple hospitals across Japan and can be generalized to Japanese patients with RA.

Conclusions

Antiemotionality, a personality trait characterized by strong suppression of becoming emotional and by overly appealing to reason in stressful interpersonal situations, is associated with a poorer functional prognosis for patients with RA. This finding sheds light on a seemingly forgotten issue in the care of patients with RA.

Abbreviations

ACR:

American College of Rheumatology

AISIMS:

Assessment and improvement of the system for interdisciplinary medical services for rheumatoid arthritis

ANS:

Autonomic nervous system

Antiemotionality:

Rational and antiemotional behavior

DMARD:

Disease-modifying antirheumatic drug

HPA:

Hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal

RA:

Rheumatoid arthritis

RCF:

Rationalizing conflicts/frustrations

SI:

The Stress Inventory.

References

  1. Scott DL, Wolfe F, Huizinga TW: Rheumatoid arthritis. Lancet. 2010, 376 (9746): 1094-1108. 10.1016/S0140-6736(10)60826-4.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Scharloo M, Kaptein AA, Weinman JA, Hazes JMW, Breedveld FC, Rooijmans HGM: Predicting functional status in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. J Rheumatol. 1999, 26 (8): 1686-1693.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Evers AW, Kraaimaat FW, Geenen R, Jacobs JW, Bijlsma JW: Stress-vulnerability factors as long-term predictors of disease activity in early rheumatoid arthritis. J Psychosom Res. 2003, 55 (4): 293-302. 10.1016/S0022-3999(02)00632-3.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Stojanovich L, Marisavljevich D: Stress as a trigger of autoimmune disease. Autoimmun Rev. 2008, 7 (3): 209-213. 10.1016/j.autrev.2007.11.007.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Jessop DS, Richards LJ, Harbuz MS: Effects of stress on inflammatory autoimmune disease: destructive or protective?. Stress. 2004, 7 (4): 261-266. 10.1080/10253890400025497.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Cutolo M, Straub RH: Stress as a risk factor in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis. Neuroimmunomodulation. 2006, 13 (5–6): 277-282.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. de Brouwer SJ, Kraaimaat FW, Sweep FC, Creemers MC, Radstake TR, van Laarhoven AI, van Riel PL, Evers AW: Experimental stress in inflammatory rheumatic diseases: a review of psychophysiological stress responses. Arthritis Res Ther. 2010, 12 (3): R89-10.1186/ar3016.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Alexander F: Psychosomatic Medicine. Its Principles and Applications. 1950, New York: W. W. Norton & Co. Press

    Google Scholar 

  9. Rogers M, Brooks E: Psychosocial influences, immune function, and the progression of autoimmune disease. Psychoneuroimmunology. Volume 2. Edited by: Ader R, Felten D, Cohen N. 2001, San Diego, San Francisco, New York, Boston, London, Sydney, Tokyo: Academic press, 399-419. 3

    Google Scholar 

  10. King SH: Psychosocial factors associated with rheumatoid arthritis; an evaluation of the literature. J Chronic Dis. 1955, 2 (3): 287-302. 10.1016/0021-9681(55)90137-5.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Cobb S: Contained hostility in rheumatoid arthritics. Arthritis Rheum. 1959, 2: 419-426. 10.1002/1529-0131(195910)2:5<419::AID-ART1780020507>3.0.CO;2-3.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  12. Moos RH: Personality factors associated with rheumatoid arthritis: a review. J Chronic Dis. 1964, 17: 41-55. 10.1016/0021-9681(64)90038-4.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Ward DJ: Rheumatoid arthritis and personality: a controlled study. Br Med J. 1971, 2 (5757): 297-299. 10.1136/bmj.2.5757.297.

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Creed F: Psychological disorders in rheumatoid arthritis: a growing consensus?. Ann Rheum Dis. 1990, 49 (10): 808-812.

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Robinson H, Kirk RF, Frye RF, Robertson JT: A psychological study of patients with rheumatoid arthritis and other painful diseases. J Psychosom Res. 1972, 16 (1): 53-56. 10.1016/0022-3999(72)90024-4.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Crown S, Crown JM, Fleming A: Aspects of the psychology and epidemiology of rheumatoid disease. Psychol Med. 1975, 5 (3): 291-299. 10.1017/S0033291700056671.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Pincus T, Callahan LF, Bradley LA, Vaughn WK, Wolfe F: Elevated MMPI scores for hypochondriasis, depression, and hysteria in patients with rheumatoid arthritis reflect disease rather than psychological status. Arthritis Rheum. 1986, 29 (12): 1456-1466. 10.1002/art.1780291206.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Grossarth-Maticek R: Synergetic effects of cigarette smoking, systolic blood pressure, and psychosocial risk factors for lung cancer, cardiac infarct and apoplexy cerebri. Psychother Psychosom. 1980, 34 (4): 267-272. 10.1159/000287468.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Grossarth-Maticek R, Kanazir DT, Schmidt P, Vetter H: Psychosocial and organic variables as predictors of lung cancer, cardiac infarct and apoplexy: some differential predictors. Pers Individ Dif. 1985, 6: 313-321. 10.1016/0191-8869(85)90055-8.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  20. Grossarth-Maticek R, Eysenck HJ: Personality, stress and disease: description and validation of a new inventory. Psychol Rep. 1990, 66 (2): 355-373. 10.2466/pr0.1990.66.2.355.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Grossarth-Maticek R, Eysenck HJ: Creative novation behaviour therapy as a prophylactic treatment for cancer and coronary heart disease: part I-description of treatment. Behav Res Ther. 1991, 29 (1): 1-16. 10.1016/S0005-7967(09)80002-8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Eysenck HJ, Grossarth-Maticek R: Creative novation behaviour therapy as a prophylactic treatment for cancer and coronary heart disease: part II-effects of treatment. Behav Res Ther. 1991, 29 (1): 17-31. 10.1016/S0005-7967(09)80003-X.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Grossarth-Maticek R: Autonomietraining: Gesundheit und Problemlösung durch Anregung der Selbstregulation. 2000, New York, Berlin: de Gruyter

    Book  Google Scholar 

  24. Nagano J, Ichinose Y, Asoh H, Ikeda J, Ohshima A, Sudo N, Kubo C: A prospective Japanese study of the association between personality and the progression of lung cancer. Intern Med. 2006, 45 (2): 57-63. 10.2169/internalmedicine.45.1453.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Nishibayashi Y: Assessment and improvement of the system for interdisciplinary medical service for RA. Report for Research on Immunological and Allergic disease, Health Sciences Research Grant 2001. Volume 1, edn. Edited by: Kudo H. 2002, Tokyo: Bureau of the Research on Immunological and Allergic disease, Japan Ministry of Health and Welfare, 1-9.

    Google Scholar 

  26. Hochberg MC, Chang RW, Dwosh I, Lindsey S, Pincus T, Wolfe F: The American College of Rheumatology 1991 revised criteria for the classification of global functional status in rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum. 1992, 35 (5): 498-502. 10.1002/art.1780350502.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Koike R, Takeuchi T, Eguchi K, Miyasaka N: Update on the Japanese guidelines for the use of infliximab and etanercept in rheumatoid arthritis. Mod Rheumatol. 2007, 17 (6): 451-458. 10.3109/s10165-007-0626-3.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Steinbrocker O, Traeger CH, Batterman RC: Therapeutic criteria in rheumatoid arthritis. J Am Med Assoc. 1949, 140 (8): 659-662. 10.1001/jama.1949.02900430001001.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Nagano J, Sudo N: Development of a self-administered questionnaire to assess disease-prone personalities: Item construction and content validity (in Japanese). Kenko Kagaku. 2001, 23: 41-52. English translation: http://hdl.handle.net/2324/724

    Google Scholar 

  30. Nagano J, Sudo N, Kaihara C, Shimura M, Kubo C: Validity and reliability of the Stress Inventory: self-administered questionnaire to assess disease-prone personalities (in Japanese). Kenko Shien. 2001, 3 (2): 107-119. English translation: http://hdl.handle.net/2324/15513

    Google Scholar 

  31. Nagano J, Nagase S, Sudo N, Kubo C: Psychosocial stress, personality, and the severity of chronic hepatitis C. Psychosomatics. 2004, 45 (2): 100-106. 10.1176/appi.psy.45.2.100.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Nagano J, Kono S, Toyomura K, Mizoue T, Yin G, Mibu R, Tanaka M, Kakeji Y, Maehara Y, Okamura T, Ikejiri K, Futami K, Yasunami Y, Maekawa T, Takenaka K, Ichimiya H, Imaizumi N: Personality and colorectal cancer: the Fukuoka colorectal cancer study. Jpn J Clin Oncol. 2008, 38 (8): 553-561. 10.1093/jjco/hyn067.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Nagano J, Kakuta C, Motomura C, Odajima H, Sudo N, Nishima S, Kubo C: The parenting attitudes and the stress of mothers predict the asthmatic severity of their children: a prospective study. BioPsychoSocial Medicine. 2010, 4: 12-10.1186/1751-0759-4-12.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Spielberger CD: Manual for the State-Trait Anger Expression Inventory. 1988, Psychological Assessment Resources: Odessa

    Google Scholar 

  35. McCollum L, Pincus T: A biopsychosocial model to complement a biomedical model: patient questionnaire data and socioeconomic status usually are more significant than laboratory tests and imaging studies in prognosis of rheumatoid arthritis. Rheum Dis Clin N Am. 2009, 35 (4): 699-712. 10.1016/j.rdc.2009.10.003.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  36. Kremer J: Nutrition and rheumatic diseases. Kelley’s textbook of rheumatology. Volume 1. Edited by: Ruddy S, Harris EJ, Sledge C. 2001, Philadelphia: Saunders, 713-727. 6

    Google Scholar 

  37. Ishii H, Nagashima M, Tanno M, Nakajima A, Yoshino S: Does being easily moved to tears as a response to psychological stress reflect response to treatment and the general prognosis in patients with rheumatoid arthritis?. Clin Exp Rheumatol. 2003, 21 (5): 611-616.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Pincus T, Sokka T: Complexities in the quantitative assessment of patients with rheumatic diseases in clinical trials and clinical care. Clin Exp Rheumatol. 2005, 23 (5 Suppl 39): S1-S9.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Aletaha D, Neogi T, Silman AJ, Funovits J, Felson DT, Bingham CO, Birnbaum NS, Burmester GR, Bykerk VP, Cohen MD, Combe B, Costenbader KH, Dougados M, Emery P, Ferraccioli G, Hazes JM, Hobbs K, Huizinga TW, Kavanaugh A, Kay J, Kvien TK, Laing T, Mease P, Menard HA, Moreland LW, Naden RL, Pincus T, Smolen JS, Stanislawska-Biernat E, Symmons D: 2010 Rheumatoid arthritis classification criteria: an American College of Rheumatology/European League Against Rheumatism collaborative initiative. Arthritis Rheum. 2010, 62 (9): 2569-2581. 10.1002/art.27584.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Prevoo ML, van ’t Hof MA, Kuper HH, van Leeuwen MA, van de Putte LB, van Riel PL: Modified disease activity scores that include twenty-eight-joint counts. Development and validation in a prospective longitudinal study of patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum. 1995, 38 (1): 44-48. 10.1002/art.1780380107.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

The hospitals/clinics that participated in the present cohort study were the Japanese Red Cross Kitami Hospital (Hokkaido prefecture), Yokohama Minami Kyousai Hospital (Kanagawa), Hot Spring of Rehabilitation Nakaizu Hospital (Shizuoka), National Nagoya Hospital (Aichi), Yukioka Hospital (Osaka), Miki Sanyo Hospital (Hyogo), Dohgo Spa Hospital (Ehime), and Kondo Rheumatism and Orthopedics Clinic (Fukuoka). This work was supported by a Health Sciences Research Grant from the Ministry of Health and Welfare of Japan and a Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (21590765) from the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology of Japan.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Jun Nagano.

Additional information

Competing interests

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

Authors’ contribution

YN, TM, and JN conceived of the study. All authors designed the study and collected the data. JN and TM analyzed the data. JN prepared the draft of the manuscript, and MY and YN helped draft the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

Electronic supplementary material

13030_2013_145_MOESM1_ESM.pdf

Additional file 1: Table A1: Demographic and baseline clinical characteristics of patients with rheumatoid arthritis who were lost to follow-up (N = 46). (PDF 21 KB)

Authors’ original submitted files for images

Below are the links to the authors’ original submitted files for images.

Authors’ original file for figure 1

Rights and permissions

This article is published under license to BioMed Central Ltd. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly credited. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Nagano, J., Morita, T., Taneichi, K. et al. Rational/antiemotional behaviors in interpersonal relationships and the functional prognosis of patients with rheumatoid arthritis: a Japanese multicenter, longitudinal study. BioPsychoSocial Med 8, 8 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1186/1751-0759-8-8

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/1751-0759-8-8

Keywords