Research
Intra- and extra-familial adverse childhood experiences and a history of childhood psychosomatic disorders among Japanese university students
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* Corresponding author: Akinori Masuda akimasu55@sky.plala.or.jp
1 Masuda Clinic, 1-30 Yamanoguchi, Kagoshima 892-0844, Japan
2 National Institute of Fitness and Sports in Kanoya, 1 Hakusui-cho, Kanoya 891-2393, Japan
3 Social and Behavioral Medicine, Kagoshima University, 8-35-1 Sakuragaoka, Kagoshima 890-8520, Japan
4 Nishi-kyushu University, 4490-9 Ozaki, Kanzaki-cho, Saga 842-8585, Japan
5 Kagoshima International University, 8850 Shimofukumoto-cho, Kagoshima 891-0191, Japan
6 Cardiovascular, Respiratory and Metabolic Medicine, Kagoshima University, 8-35-1 Sakuragaoka, Kagoshima 890-8520, Japan
BioPsychoSocial Medicine 2007, 1:9 doi:10.1186/1751-0759-1-9
Published: 2 April 2007Abstract
Background
Japan has been witnessing a considerable increase in the number of children with psychosomatic disorders. The purpose of this study is to examine the relationship between the risk of psychosomatic disorder in adolescents and intra- and extra-familial adverse childhood experiences (ACEs).
Methods
A retrospective cohort study of 1592 Japanese university students (52% male, mean age 19.9 years) who completed a survey about intra- and extra-familial ACEs and the incidence of childhood psychosomatic disorders. Intra-familial ACEs included domestic violence, physical violence, emotional abuse, illness in household, parental divorce, no parental affection, and dysfunctional family. Extra-familial ACEs included physical violence or negative recognition by teachers, being bullied in elementary or junior high school, or sexual violence.
Results
The frequency of psychosomatic disorders among the respondents was 14.8%. Among the 7 intra-familial ACEs, emotional abuse (relative risk, RR = 1.9) and illness in household (RR = 1.7) increased the risk of psychosomatic disorders. Estimates of the relative risk for the 5 extra-familial ACEs were statistically significant and ranged from 1.5 for being bullied in elementary school or physical violence from teachers to 2.4. Students who had 3 or more intra-familial ACEs and 2 or more extra-familial ACEs had a 3.0 relative risk for psychosomatic disorder.
Conclusion
These results suggest that intra- and extra-familial ACEs are associated with the development of psychosomatic disorders. Therefore, sufficient evaluation of ACEs should be performed in adolescent patients with psychosomatic disorder.